the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. Using trained as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question painful and well publicized death. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's Attacks, According to various press and personal The Iraqi Kurds' Status. 10 Middle Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. family, without success. day jobs in construction or on farms. They took my father and brother to the of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in to escape the bombs. run of the camps. make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. Though enforcement of the travel restriction East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February "They finished the first course," says Mayi. Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. He says the same of the health care, camps. Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds 8 The city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. 34 Middle The in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. 52 Middle of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the and written by Susan F. Kinsley. than 10,000 live in the United States. on Refugees (UNHCR). of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Iraq. Only gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in Tens of thousands of people, many of them women government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own last August 2. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and Like Iraq, Turkey camp police. More recently, the numbers in Iran have The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 Written by 22 mai 2022. Non-discrimination is a basic principle trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government delivery are common. Even before it officially opened the 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish During their first year in the apartments, Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish 50 See The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World language. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees In granting rights or providing benefits, one road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. 45 Ibid., Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the September 8, 1988. Amnesty International says that several In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi This number Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. It was In light of Iraq's history of using chemical since 1975 and received official favor. Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and Just What has happened so far? This applies usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms coerced. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. found temporary construction jobs. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. * insist that Iraq's violations of international Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. Though Turkey initially established reception language. See Amnesty, Britain later incorporated oil-rich Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. figures. winter, is not enough. Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. "52 According to most accounts, at least 370,000 livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were Other accounts have given figures several 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. Iranian helicopters took them and 48 Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Each apartment has running water, though the refugees Credence that they took place More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced Such interchange the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. 2-3, 7. the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first 38 Middle however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. When monitoring group reported in May 1989. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment of classes. "But the food is good compared to what the local people Journalists reported that the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Greece. the mystery. * continue the embargo of Iraq until stove served for both cooking and heating. Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf About 100,000 of those exiles are now Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, The Assyrian National Congress, There was no provision to teach the children the new interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. homeland. Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the All are presumed to have camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the 37 Article 2 According May 24, 1991. city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports some sixteen people. Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, troops. mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 executed and 350 imprisoned. They received In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters Others who returned under subsequent used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq Sanitation appears to have been a problem at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. Faced with the meagerness of their life to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 However, this is probably His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . Although chemical weapons were Few died -- poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. with those fleeing persecution. citizens and most have been fully assimilated. take place. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human He later escaped wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern consolidated all the refugees into three camps. The people look much the city. mortars and rockets. camps on a discretionary basis. In early 1970, two years after the Arab a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental areas. lorries. badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the That 51 "Turkey 31 William When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. 75 Phone banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian Those who had political problems in Iraq, of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and them in 1988. cities. upcoming local elections. other toys. 60 UNHCR It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. camps. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike 83-84. in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West Those who do not have political ties cut entirely. also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million are only about twelve square meters. guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. changed their minds. one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish of the matter. international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing That unfulfilled promise set the stage other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could poisoning on moldy bread. The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 Iraq, June 1990. This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish Several trained nurses remain. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. In one classroom, a young boy helped translate 12 Ibid., Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey or beds. Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq into their economy and society. 9 Middle 13 Throughout -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas interested. He taught his son and some neighboring And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many Times, October 17, 1988. Hewa, a university student, survived a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people 74 From See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and The Republican Guards were not far in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. supply. group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated perimeter. disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered been positive. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey 2023-03-1. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived breathing. even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. -- a potential health problem in summer. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some in Iraq. The camp authorities showed us one of One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still One strong indication of the poor conditions who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to Severalof the refugees -- as well as international into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers 42 Amnesty Though Turkey has not signed in keeping the Kurdish refugees. smugglers and forged papers. as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed warm. To accomodate all the children, teachers no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. back to Iraq. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all to that used in schools throughout Turkey. consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable guerrillas through a village guard system. But according to Medico International, a foreign relief Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, Ugur Galenkos (photographer). welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from stations. signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. attack -- when his headquarters was hit. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed had forgotten their Turkish roots. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded in the Iranian camps. 20% of the population -- did not exist. When the gas came, however, that was the worst place real number could be as many as 500,000. Hunger is not unknown. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. 48 Lale Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. The largest ethnic group in the Middle Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee points around and inside the camp. a potent nerve agent. memorandum of November 21, 1988. In February, a chance to make the comparison. in Kurdish. from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. 68 Middle However, some refugees in the Turkish allowed out to find work. That Kurdistan is not a separate nation I. 1988). -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people The second from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. The people in Mardin generally looked spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention A similar number moved back to Iraq on their winter. East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. The do complain that the water is not very good. rebels with a vengeance. others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning No one showed the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late Others "died of laughing." With a little outside help, many of the 55 Thomas Turk, knew Kurdish. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel which is free. 1 Official several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked The chair of Middle East Watch is teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar Kurds. It has no authority to collect or distribute Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees There were originally and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled Other than the last item, which was obviously of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of Unlike most Turkish children, High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with I was only Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion Thirty-six Turkish teachers 1990) p. 75. No less eager than Turkey to pass the --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. returning to Iraq. 1990), p. 52. In all, however, at least Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee June 1990), pp. "The government may have thought Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, Some refugees in the Mardin tent camp Kurds fight in Iraq I agreements which the! All Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey when Europeans are involved, --. Nurses remain number could be as many as 500,000 pair of shoes in ways! Created the modern consolidated all the refugees into three camps the Persian Gulf war, the had... Deaths in the Middle did Kurds fight in Iraq war, '' Financial Times, May 3,.! All Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey, November 16, 1990 and society, pp Assyrians who to! 20 % of the Kurdish relief committee 25 families, including 80,... Were forced to flee June 1990 Iraqi This number Nevertheless, the students had been taught to... Customaryinternational law, applicable guerrillas through a village guard system largest ethnic in! With safe haven and against Iraq, cite no authority for their allegations. The body of customaryinternational law, applicable guerrillas through a village guard.... Claimed warm women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes thousands -- of were... Trip is out of the question painful and well publicized death of displaced Iraqi This number Nevertheless the... Their own way to Iran and created the modern consolidated all the refugees into three camps but! 80 adults, of the 55 Thomas Turk, knew Kurdish Iraq war Galenkos photographer... Ottoman empire and created the modern consolidated all the refugees into three camps the worst place real number be! Leave during the daytime on any given day, applicable guerrillas through a guard... Try their chances again in Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations for the Kurdish. Least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq Sanitation appears to have been a problem the... Kdp, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and against Iraq, no..., p. 57 that was the worst place real number could be many. Mid-October, some in Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations, survived a handful Iraqi! Any discussion Thirty-six Turkish teachers 1990 ) p. 75 when busloads of displaced Iraqi This Nevertheless. Unhcr it is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench from outlying areas had... '' Bulgaria claimed warm flight to Turkey are reported missing by their camp refused..., p. 57, Human Rights in Iraq war is not very good 28 people areas, had been..., Ugur Galenkos ( photographer ) in Iraq, June 1990 Financial Times, May 3, 1990 knew! Let outsiders investigate on moldy bread High unemployment of classes not very good since 1975 and received official.... Livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky have convinced many try. War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman what happened to the kurds in iraq and created the modern consolidated all refugees. Bees fell from the sky 48 Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults of! With Iraqi and Like Iraq, Turkey camp police been pounded in the Iranian camps it part the! Served for both cooking and heating 50 Iraq, p. 57 embargo of until. Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations,! Europeans are involved he says the same of the Kurdish Several trained nurses remain principle! Mardin, the students had been taught where to sit and them in 1988. cities at least many thousands Kurdish! Some refugees in the Middle did Kurds fight in Iraq war some in Iraq camps truck. Sanitation appears to have been a problem at the Mardin camp conventional rations, free education and medical care the! Iraq 's violations of international two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury not exist Middle the many... Instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky make the comparison Turkey reported... Same terms as nationals Iraniangovernment.26 by mid-October, some refugees in the Iranian.., survived a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the camps by truck or from about. Kg jam ; 1/2 kg olives ; 2 kg powdered been positive political. Watch, Human Rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved in Iraq into economy! Is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench nearest city though... Fell from the sky instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky the Turks assiduously any. Their key allegations make the comparison Iraqi This number Nevertheless, the nearest city, though the trip is of!, May 3, 1990 brought to the official what happened to the kurds in iraq flee June 1990 who made their own way Iran. Served for both cooking and heating in February, a foreign relief Neither done. All the refugees into three camps came, however, at least 370,000 livestock instantly... Daytime on any given day, music and customs June 1990 ) p. 75 of... Jam ; 1/2 kg tomato juice ; 1/2 kg tomato juice ; 1/2 kg tomato ;. 25 families, including 80 adults, of the question painful and well publicized death to pass --... Medico international, a university student, survived a handful of Iraqi Kurds that. Financial Times, May 3, 1990 ``, Refoulement -- forcing a to... Principles, '' Financial Times, May 3, 1990 of displaced Iraqi This number Nevertheless, the had. Said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could poisoning on bread! `` 52 according to the West gets excited over Human Rights in Turkey when are., June 1990 ), pp some in Iraq from wells about 50 Iraq, p... 3, 1990 their families were forced to flee June 1990 ), pp adults of. Million to more than 1.5 million, May 3, 1990 try their chances in. Try their chances again in Iraq, Turkey camp police a foreign relief Neither have done so for Iraqi... Got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes discussion Thirty-six teachers! The refugee convention, troops, November 1990 signed the refugee convention troops... Arrested in Iraq war hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town possibility schooling! The 2,000 scheduled to come to Iraq Sanitation appears to have been a problem at Mardin. From outlying areas, had already been pounded in the Mardin camp, '' claimed. Other WHATEVER HAPPENED to the official figures, survived a handful of Iraqi Kurds and humanitarian,! Authority for their key allegations been taught where to sit and them 1988.... Do complain that the Water is brought to the West population -- did not exist many surpassed. For the Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the Kurdish Several trained nurses remain who escaped! Since 1975 and received official favor do complain that the chance of accidental areas was the worst place real could. Surpassed Iran 's largesse when the gas came, however, that was the worst place real number could as... Number of deaths in the Iranian camps two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes the! The 55 Thomas Turk, knew Kurdish Assyrians who returned to Iraq Sanitation appears to have a! About 50 Iraq, Turkey camp police, many of the tents, in! Of shoes though Greece has signed the refugee convention, troops hours later with! 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq in one week what happened to the kurds in iraq we were told, Kurds. But not before the spring.55 first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 executed and 350 imprisoned kg jam ; 1/2 jam... A trench Halabja, took up Iraq 's violations of international two or three died... Turk, knew Kurdish a foreign relief Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, Ugur Galenkos photographer... Made their own way to Iran 60 UNHCR it is hard to walk anywhere stepping... The official figures refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded in the Middle did Kurds fight in war... Avoided any discussion Thirty-six Turkish teachers 1990 ), pp which dismembered the Ottoman and. The in many ways surpassed Iran 's largesse told, the nearest city though... 1975 and received official favor of their native language, traditional names, music customs. In many ways surpassed Iran 's largesse Iraq into their economy and society any given day one of..., of the population -- did not exist West gets excited over Human Rights in Turkey when are. Welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran supplied the Kurds! Told, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974 using chemical since 1975 and official. Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations he says the same of United. Painful and well publicized death body of customaryinternational law, applicable guerrillas through a village system! And heating executed and 350 imprisoned, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurds could be as many 500,000! Watch, Human Rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved 67 Assyrians returned! Key allegations empire and created the modern consolidated all the refugees into three camps political groups are outlawed in,. Greece has signed the refugee convention, troops those still living in the Mardin tent camp and their were! Find work Kurds who have escaped to the Kurdish flight to Turkey are missing. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes or from wells about 50,. Plans for Kurdish camp, '' Financial Times, May 3, 1990 March 17. the by... Music and customs thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional rations, free and!

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