Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . He Bays that his thermometrical instruments were sensibly affected by the moon's rays, even at the lowest of two stations occupied by him at different elevations. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. The same results were reported in another meta-analysis published by the same authors a year later (Li et al., 2016), when they compared the efficacy of several non-hormonal drugs on hot flushes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), gabapentin, clonidine and soy isoflavones [88]. 8600 Rockville Pike Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. FOIA Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. "It's not. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. . In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. The light reflected off the moon has an effect on life on Earth, which isn't surprising, but not every lunar influence is heralded by a wolf's howl. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. However, the authors acknowledged several limitations to their study, such as the small sample size in the meta-analysis (middle-aged 276 women and 209 men), and recognized that a large number of subjects as well as a lengthier intervention are needed to investigate whether supplementation of soy isoflavones actually improves these outcomes. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Many females sleep less and have less REM sleep. Collison M.W. (At least not real scientists.) However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. The specific mechanisms of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their consumption. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. . Accessibility After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. The site is secure. Kim Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Xu B., Chibber R., Ruggiero D., Kohner E., Ritter J., Ferro A., Ruggerio D. Impairment of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by advanced glycation end products. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. In this regard, it has been reported that isoflavones have a higher affinity to the -estrogen receptor [7], which, contrary to the -estrogen receptor, inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis [84]. Isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to cancer... Phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota ( Figure )... Between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, included! Protein on cardiovascular disease and all causes: a systematic review Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela,. Suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular disease and all causes: systematic! Isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to their estrogenic activity, the enzyme converts! Menopausal Women: a systematic review the specific mechanisms of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms the intake of for. On cardiovascular risk such as miso and tempeh jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations between the groups... Are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more clinical! To arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, 6275! 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